ACADEMIC
JOURNAL OF
STEM RESEARCH

Abstract The loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems are often acutely linked to armed conflict. Although studies of war have typically described the human and political consequences, this study provides a review of the ecological aspects of conflict, synthesizing examples of conflicts from global biodiversity hotspots. We identified direct effects of armed conflict—deforestation, habitat destruction, chemical defoliation, and wildlife harvesting—and indirect e